Summary of Sartres The Transcendence of the Ego

The Transcendence of the Ego  is a philosophical essay published by  Jean Paul Sartre  in 1936. In it, he sets out his view that the self or ego is not itself something that one is aware of. The model of consciousness that Sartre  provides in this essay  may be outlined as follows. Consciousness is always intentional; that is, it is always and necessarily consciousness of something. The object of consciousness can be almost any kind of thing: a physical object, a proposition, a state of affairs, a recollected image or mood--anything that consciousness can apprehend. This is the â€Å"principle of intentionality† that forms the starting point for Husserls phenomenology.   Sartre radicalizes this principle by asserting that consciousness is nothing but intentionality. This means conceiving of consciousness as a pure activity, and denying that there is any ego which lies within, behind or beneath consciousness as its source or necessary condition. The justification of this claim is one of Sartres main purposes in The Transcendence of the Ego. Sartre first distinguishes between two modes of consciousness: unreflecting consciousness and reflecting consciousness. Unreflecting consciousness is simply my usual consciousness of things other than consciousness itself: birds, bees, a piece of music, the meaning of a sentence, a recollected face, etc. According to Sartre consciousness simultaneously posits and grasps its objects. And he describes such consciousness as positional and as thetic. What he means by these terms is not entirely clear, but he seems to be referring to the fact that in my consciousness of anything there is both activity and passivity. Consciousness of an object is positional in that it posits the object: that is, it directs itself to the object (e.g. an apple, or a tree) and attends to it. It is â€Å"thetic† in that consciousness confronts its object as something given to it, or as something that has already been posited. Sartre also claims that consciousness, even when it is unreflecting, is always minimally conscious of itself. This mode of consciousness he describes as non-positional and non-thetic indicating that in this mode, consciousness does not posit itself as an object, nor is it confronted by itself. Rather, this irreducible self-awareness is taken to be an invariable quality of both unreflecting and reflecting consciousness. A reflecting consciousness is one that is positing itself as its object. Fundamentally, says Sartre, the reflecting consciousness and the consciousness that is the object of reflection (the reflected consciousness) are identical. Nevertheless, we can distinguish between them, at least in abstraction, and so talk about two consciousnesses here: the reflecting and the reflected.  Ã‚   His main purpose in analyzing self-consciousness is to show that self-reflection does not support the thesis that there is an ego situated within or behind consciousness. He first distinguishes two kinds of reflection: (1) reflection on an earlier state of consciousness that is recalled to mind by memory–so this earlier state now becomes an object of present consciousness; and (2) reflection in the immediate present where consciousness takes itself as it is now for its object. Retrospective reflection of the first kind, he argues, reveals only an unreflecting consciousness of objects along with the non-positional self-awareness that is an invariable feature of consciousness. It does not reveal the presence of an I within consciousness.  Reflection of the second kind, which is the kind that Descartes is engaged in when he asserts â€Å"I think, therefore I am,† might be thought more likely to reveal this I. Sartre denies this, however, arguing that the I that conscious ness is commonly thought to encounter here is, in fact, the product of reflection. In the second half of the essay, he offers his explanation of how this occurs. Brief Summary Briefly, his account runs as follows. Discrete moments of reflective consciousness are unified by being interpreted as emanating from my states, actions, and characteristics, all of which extend beyond the present moment of reflection. For example, my consciousness of detesting something now and my consciousness of detesting the same thing at some other moment are united by the idea that I hate that thing--hatred being a state that persists beyond the moments of conscious detestation. Actions perform a similar function. Thus, when Descartes asserts I am now doubting his consciousness is not engaged in a pure reflection on itself as it is at the present instant. He is allowing an awareness that this present moment of doubt is part of an action that began earlier and will continue for some time to inform his reflection. The discrete moments of doubt are unified by the action, and this unity is expressed in the I which he includes in his assertion.   The ego, then, is not discovered in reflection but is created by it. It is not, however, an abstraction, or a mere idea. Rather, it is the concrete totality of my reflective states of consciousness, constituted by them in the way that a melody is constituted by discrete notes. We do, says Sartre, apprehend the ego out of the corner of our eye when we reflect; but if we try to focus on it and make it the object of consciousness it necessarily disappears, since it only comes into being through consciousness reflecting on itself (not on the ego, which is something else). The conclusion Sartre draws from his analysis of consciousness is that phenomenology has no reason to posit an ego within or behind consciousness. He claims, moreover, that his view of the ego as something that reflecting consciousness constructs, and which should, therefore, be regarded as just another object of consciousness that, like all other such objects, transcends consciousness, has marked advantages. In particular, it furnishes a refutation of solipsism (the idea that the world consists of me and the contents of my mind), helps us overcome skepticism regarding the existence of other minds, and lays down the basis for an existentialist philosophy that genuinely engages the real world of people and things.

Plato s Laws And Xenophon s Hiero - 1365 Words

Practically in all his discourses, Plato wrote about the works of Socrates that acted as the main persona in his confabs. In Plato’s laws and Xenophon’s Hiero, a further wise man other than Socrates acted as the leader of the discourse. While having protagonist confabs in Plato’s and Xenophon’s works, Socrates tries to interrogate understanding of the further man on the aspect of morality. Socrates presented himself as a less knowledgeable person in the domain of moral issues to confuse the other person who boasts of being more knowledgeable on the same. Using this ironical approach –known as the Socratic Irony -, Socrates was able to illustrate inconsistency of the other person’s views on morality. Although the early and middle works of Plato are considered as Socratic dialogue, understanding the composition and chronology of Plato’s work is a bit complex since even the ancient sources do not present these works chronologically. Plato ’s work basically involved posing questions and answers as a way of stimulating critical thinking. Defender of a particular point of view would be questioned, and then one of the parties would contradict himself in order to confuse his counterpart and in doing so, the defender would be made weak. Socrates discourses revolved around traditions, justice, afterlife and education. In light to this, this paper will unravel Socrates accounts balance Aristophanes’ and Xenophon’s on afterlife, justice and law, education and traditional practices. InShow MoreRelatedPlato s The Socratic Method2253 Words   |  10 PagesPlato wrote nearly 30 dialogues, most of which focused on his predecessor, Socrates. His earlier works focused on Socrates Theories, or the Socratic method, while his later works focused on his own laws and Xenophon s Hiero. Some of Plato s dialogues include the Meno, Symposium, Republic, and the Phaedo. The Socratic method is a form of inquiry and discuss ion between individuals based on asking and answering questions to stimulate critical thinking and to generate ideas. This paper is going to

Wireless Networks for OSI Communication Model - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theWireless Networks for OSI Communication Model. Answer: The inner workings of the physical layer of the standards IEEE 802.11a and 802.11b The physical layer is the lowest layer of the OSI communication model and it majorly is involved with the transmission of data across devices having different specification and operation parameters. In essence, it supports the transmission of signals across electrical and mechanical systems offering a means to transport the 802.11 frame in this instance(Pearson, 2017). IEEE 802.11a This standard offers a competitive alternative to wired communication where data is transferred across the electromagnetic spectrum. Now, as a wireless technology, the standard is characterized by the OFDM multiplexing technique that increases the bandwidth of transmission. In essence, OFDM (Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing) facilitates the diversification of the communication channel by splitting it based on the operational frequency(world, 2017). Nevertheless, its inner workings of the physical layer are as shown below: First, the layer operates with a 54 Mbps data rate that is supported by a 5 GHz frequency band. This operational band is then usually diversified by the OFDM technique which splits the transmission channel (radio spectrum) into 48 different subsections. These sections are then spread across the wider channel width of 20 MHz Now, following this separation, several data rates are offered to the users including; 6, 12 and 24 Mbps. Moreover, due to the variations in operational speeds, the standard applies other extended modulation techniques which supplement the original multiple access method. First, the binary phase shift keying (BPSK) is used for operations that fall within the 6 Mbps data rate. Secondly, quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) is then used for functionalities having 54 Mbps data rates(Geier, 802.11a Physical Layer Revealed, 2003). IEEE 802.11b Another wireless standard that is an advancement of the original 802.11 standards having improved speeds and data rates. The 802.11b standard operates within a 300-meter distance range defining both the physical and MAC layer of communications(Primer, 2013). The inner workings of the physical layer: First, unlike the previous standard, its frequency band falls with the ISM range i.e. the Industrial, Scientific and Medical band. In the US this band falls between the frequencies of 2.4 and 2.4835 GHz, whereas in other countries such as Japan the range falls between 2.471 and 2.497 GHz. Furthermore, the bandwidth of operation is split into 14 subsequent channels of 22 MHz each. These subsequent bands overlap each other facilitating the exchange of information across different devices. In addition to this, the standard is characterized by a chip rate of 11MHz which facilitates the transmission of signals with the following rates; 1, 2, 5.5 and 11 Mbps. Finally, the standard uses the spread spectrum technique to multiplex signals i.e. the DSSS plus an addition of the complementary code key modulation (CCK)(Koivisto, 2006). Attribute 802.11a 802.11b Frequency band 5 GHz 2.4 GHz (ISM) Data rates 6, 12, 24 Mbps 1, 2, 5.5 and 11 Mbps Multiplexing technique OFDM DSSS Modulation technique BPSK and QAM CCK 802.11i authentication In general, the 802.11 standard is a specification for implementing wireless networks (WLANs) that defines both the media access control (MAC) and the physical layer. The original standard operated with a 900 MHz frequency band that extended to cover up to 60 GHz range. Moreover, the 802.11 standards used basic authentication and encryption techniques more so the WPA (WiFi protection access) and the WEP (wired equivalent privacy)(Chaplin, 2005). These standard were both weak and were easily cracked which led to the development of the 802.11i standard that operates with higher security standards including the application of the WPA2, which above its better authentication structure is supported by AES (advanced encryption standard). Nevertheless, during the authentication of devices across networks (clients to servers) a robust and resilient procedure is followed through the application of a four-way handshake. This handshake operates with a group keying systems that involves three elements; the supplicant (client), the authentication server and the general authenticators (i.e. the relaying party)(Latour, 2012). Furthermore, the extensible authentication protocol (EAP) is usually the defining protocol for the 4-way handshake as outlined below (The process): First, the client sends a notification to the server in the of an EAP message. The access port then sends an EAP request to the authenticators in an attempt to relay communications. From here, the clients EAP response from the server is followed by an encryption process of (proxied communication) with both the authenticator and server communications. The server then requests the client to identify itself by verifying its credentials. Now, depending on the clients response, the server either accepts or rejects the connection request. In an accepted scenario, the virtual access port of the server is turned into an authorized state which grants the client access to the server. Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) To understand the usage of VPNs in establishing secure and encrypted connections, one must highlight their operational platform i.e. the internet. In all, the internet is a public infrastructure or environment that is populated with many networks. Now, although these networks maybe protected, users requiring secure connections cannot trust the existing channels of communication. Therefore, VPNs facilitate this functionality by creating private access channels that link different points across the public medium of the internet(MPR). Now, two general methods are followed: Remote access where parties located in remote areas access localized networks (LANs) using specific access portals. Site to site VPNs which are used on a larger scale having specific point to point connections across the internet. In this case, the connections are usually unique at each instance and are supported by specialized accounts. In terms of the techniques of operation, VPN uses a system of keys to authenticate the users accessing the established private networks. These keys can either by systematical where common keys are shared among the users or asymmetrical keys that require specialized authenticators to verify them (public-private keys)(Cisco, 2008). In addition to this, a number of encryption standards facilitate the operations of VPNs including IPsec which holds a wide range of authentication, encryption and integrity standards. Moreover, the GRE (generic routing encapsulation) protocol is also used to meet the same objectives. WMAN and ZeeTech operations To meet its customers ever-growing demands, ZeeTech a multinational company has established five different offices in Melbourne. These offices require a common connection to aid the companys operations and services. Now, as a solution the company envisions a wireless metropolitan area network (WMAN) that could serve all the enterprises offices. This section analyses the different technologies that could meet this objective. WMAN WMAN serve as suitable substitutes for wired broadband connections that require extensive expenses owing to the installation of physical infrastructures such as copper cables and extensive switching cabinets(UOM, 2005). Moreover, in some applications WMANs serve as convenient backups in case the wired systems fail. In this scenario, the following WMAN technologies are proposed: HiperMAN HiperACCESS WiMAX HiperMAN This technology is one of the original standards of implementing WMAN for broadband connections. To start with, HiperMAN operates within the 2 to 11 GHz frequency range which facilitates the transmission of signals under the low frequencies. This frequency band has minimal penetration power which limits the amount of information transferred as well as the distance of operations. On the other hand, the standard also offers a medium sized data rate of 25 Mbit/s which when coupled with its optimal point to multipoint configuration increases the amount of information transmitted. However, to cater for higher rates and information quota, extra resources must be established which increases the overall expenditures. Furthermore, its security features are rudimentary as compared to those of the other two(works, 2017). HiperACCESS An interoperable and integrative standard that offers broadband connections to a wide range of wireless devices. Unlike HiperMAN, this technology supports the operation of mobile devices through the use of backhaul services such as GSM and GPRS. This functionality is welcomed in ZeeTechs operations as they may require the different office to communicate via mobile systems. Furthermore, its connection offers a higher data rate of 100 Mbit/s which increases speeds of communication facilitating better services for the company. In addition to this, HiperACCESS uses a high-frequency band of 40.5 GHz which may be extended to about 43.5 GHz thus facilitate a wider coverage(WMICH, 2015). Now, the cost is minimal when compared to HiperMAN owing to its operational frequencies, however, when low frequencies are considered the technology balances out with its predecessor as additional resources are needed. However, it has better security features which include advanced access control systems. WiMAX The final technology considered for the company at hand that has better features and attributes as compared to the rest. Now, to start with, WiMAX operates within the IEEE 802.16 standard which among other functionalities, enhances the compatibility of wireless devices which boosts the integration wireless devices(IEEE, 2016). Furthermore, the technology offers both first and last mile connections serving at a high-frequency range of 66 GHz. This frequency band extends wireless broadband connections to distances of about 50 kilometres. This distance of operation would conveniently serve ZeeTech who on occasion may require field workers to perform their marketing operations. On the other hand, its data rates are better as compared to those discussed so far as they extend beyond the 100 Mbit/s mark to around 1 Gbit/s. Now, when this rate and frequency range are combined, the technology provides a bigger service area that other WMAN technology that cannot offer. Finally, in terms of the security features, WiMAX offers advanced authentication techniques such as the PKMv2 and over the air encryption which facilitates the maintenance of secure end to end connection. Multiplexing technologies for second generation mobile communication (2G) Time division multiple access (TDMA) In wireless communication, the transmission channel is usually confined within the limits of the radio spectrum. This limitation necessitates the need to diversify and spread the existing area through the multiplexing techniques. TDMA is one such technique that uses time allocations to assign bandwidth to the communicating users. In essence, the technique will divide the frequency of operation (bandwidth) into different sections based on a timing schematic(Fendelman, 2017). This separation process will result into different time slots that the communicating parties are assigned thus facilitating the transmission of multiple signals across common channels. Attributes of TDMA: The technique uses time slots to assign the bandwidth of communication. Its functional data rate varies between 64 kbps and 120 Mbps. Moreover, it can adequately transmit both data and voice. Furthermore, its operations are based on the immediate needs of the users which optimize the battery life as its only activated when needed. Finally, its optimal for analogue to digital signal conversion owing to its minimal cost expenditures(Electronicdesign, 2017). Code division multiple access (CDMA) A similar technique to TDMA that usually aims to maximize the bandwidth of operations through the diversification of the radio spectrum. However, unlike TDMA that allocates space after dividing it into various frequency bands, CDMA assigns signals unique identification codes that facilitate the transmission of multiple signals under single communication channels. In essence, CDMA will not divide the bandwidth of communication and instead will assign signals pseudo-codes which will identify them to the transmitters and receivers(Fendelman, 2017). Therefore, each signal uses the entire bandwidth during transmission which optimizes the process, due to the overwhelming size of the channels capacity. Moreover, the pseudo-codes improves the security of the technique as they are uniquely identified by the users. Attributes CDMA is a spread spectrum technique. Its also convenient for both data and voice transmission. Furthermore, it facilitates a higher transmission capacity. Finally, it has good security features owing to the application of pseudo-codes(Segan, 2017). Global system for mobile communications (GSM) An open digital and cellular technology that is used for wireless transmission of information through mobile devices. GSM supports both voice and data communication through a circuit switched technique. In essence, GSM uses a circuit switching to establish the network of communication before embarking on the transmission process. In addition to this, GSM also divides the overall channel of communication into smaller convenient sizes which facilitate the multiplexing process(Segan, 2017). In all, a 200 kHz bandwidth is divided among 8 different channels which result into communications slots of 25 kHz. Attributes Similar to the other two, its operations support both data and voice transmission. It also has a wider frequency band. Finally, its characterized as a circuit switched technology(Rouse, 2017). References Chaplin, C. (2005). 802.11i Overview. Retrieved 02 October, 2017, from: https://ieee802.org/16/liaison/docs/80211-05_0123r1.pdf. Electronicdesign. (2017). Fundamentals of Communications Access Technologies: FDMA, TDMA, CDMA, OFDMA, AND SDMA. Communications, Retrieved 02 October, 2017, from: https://www.electronicdesign.com/communications/fundamentals-communications-access-technologies-fdma-tdma-cdma-ofdma-and-sdma. Fendelman, A. (2017). Cellphone Glossary: What Is GSM vs. EDGE vs. CDMA vs. TDMA? Life wire, Retrieved 02 October, 2017, from: https://www.lifewire.com/gsm-edge-cdma-tdma-578682. MPR. (n.d.). Virtual Private Networks. VPN2, Retrieved 02 October, 2017, from: https://web.fe.up.pt/~mricardo/05_06/redesip/acetatos/vpnv2.pdf. Pearson. (2017). IEEE 802.11 Physical Layers. Pearson, Retrieved 02 October, 2017, from: https://www.informit.com/articles/article.aspx?p=19825seqNum=3. Primer. (2013). Wi-Fi: Overview of the 802.11 Physical Layer and Transmitter Measurements. Retrieved 02 October, 2017, from: https://www.nortelcoelectronics.se/document-file5116?lcid=1053pid=Native-ContentFile-File. Rouse, M. (2017). GSM (Global System for Mobile communication). Retrieved 02 October, 2017, from: https://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/GSM. Segan, S. (2017). CDMA vs. GSM: What's the Difference? PC reviews , Retrieved 02 October, 2017, from: https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2407896,00.asp. world, R. w. (2017). Overview of 802.11a physical layer. Home of RF and Wireless Vendors and Resources, Retrieved 02 October, 2017, from: https://www.rfwireless-world.com/Articles/Overview_of_11a_PHY_layer.html.

With the rise of globalisation, what are the effects on Business 2 business organisations Essay Example

With the rise of globalisation, what are the effects on Business 2 business organisations? Essay This essay will look at how B2B organizations are effected by globalisation and how these businesses need to adapt if they are to succeed in their new environments. More specifically, the essay will look at the effects of globalisation on B2B organizations in the Asian / pacific markets. Examining the threats, opportunities, difficulties, limitations and the importance of localization from a marketing perspective. Introduction Firstly, to analyse the effects of globalisation on B2B organisations, we have to understand what these terms actually mean. Globalisation can be defined as the growing integration of economies and societies around the world. This integration is a result of lower transport costs, reduced trade barriers, faster communication of ideas and rising capital flow. (Kotler Armstrong, 2001). Business marketing can be any activity that Facilitates exchanges involving products and customers in business markets (module 1, 2003) We will write a custom essay sample on With the rise of globalisation, what are the effects on Business 2 business organisations? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on With the rise of globalisation, what are the effects on Business 2 business organisations? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on With the rise of globalisation, what are the effects on Business 2 business organisations? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer A strong marketing base is essential for any B2B organization venturing into a new country, but identifying that base can be complex due to different social and demographic structures, especially for western business entering the Asian markets or visa-versa. (Dixon Karboulonis, 1999) Due to cultural, economic and demographic reasons, the target market segments will vary greatly from country. Because of this, it is strongly recommend for a business to invest in primary research and to examine secondary research before producing a business strategy for the new market. A business entering a new market place has to answer a number of questions. What are the present and potential market segments? Who are the key Potential customers and major competitors, and what are the main environmental factors? Due to the cultural background of a country The B2B interactions vary greatly. A study of 62 Australian operations multinational companies, 42 by the U.S or Europe and 20 by Japanese firms. The study revealed that factories owned by Americans and Europeans contained equipment that was manufactured in a wide variety of countries, unlike the Japanese-owned factories whereby the overwhelming majority of equipment came from Japan ( Herbig Milam, 1994) For a business considering exporting to Japan or setting up a base in Japan, information like this would be critical to its success. This demonstrates how imperative it is to conduct Qualitative, exploratory research in order to determine consumer/business behavior and social psychology. Studies have shown established relationships among values, attitudes and consumer purchase behavior. Often, U.S. executives wrongly assume that the only significant barrier between them and their overseas counterparts is language. This is not the case, analysts say. In fact, differences in culture may be the most important factor to consider in global B2B. (Dublish, 1999) One of the key factors that American businesspeople dont seem to get is deal-making is done very differently depending upon the culture. While the American executive may rely on legal formalities and financials to decide on a deal, the Spanish or Japanese executive often prefers a lengthy getting to know you approach, says Katrina Teague of Lionbridge. Deals are made over long lunches, not on a handshake. (Forsythe, Jai-Ok Kim, Quigliang, Sook Jae, 2002) Effectively selling a product overseas in a foreign market requires more than just finding a local distributor. What is less frequently understood is the significance of truly localizing, or adapting, content or a product to meet the linguistic, cultural, and other needs of a target market. This is a process that differs from internationalization, which is generalizing a product so that it can handle multiple languages and difference without the need for redesign. Localization involves individually tailoring a product to a specific market, in a process that goes beyond mere translation. Businesses that incorporate a localization component in the early stages of their global strategy will be positioned far more competitively than businesses that do not. (www.harvardbusinesonline.com ) Knowledge of a countrys social and cultural aspects is also critical. Certain jokes, symbols, or colors that are completely acceptable in the West may cause offense in a foreign market, or vice versa. Fo r example, when an American company tried to sell its toothpaste in certain Southeast Asian markets by emphasizing that it whitens your teeth, it discovered that many local residents chew betel nuts to deliberately blacken their teeth, which they find attractive. (www.B2Bglobalization.com) Globalization and increasing complexities of localization, in both technical and non-technical departments, have driven the rapid expansion of the localization industry. Rough estimates of the size of the industry range from $11 to $30 billion. The 20 largest IT companies annually leverage total localization expenditures of around $1.5 billion to generate sales in excess of $50 billion. ( Haley, 2000) There is a diverse array of service providers that can be classified as comprising the localization industry, including translation or language tool vendors, software engineers, and consultants. Despite its importance, localization is still too often regarded as an afterthought, so each time businesses move into a new market they have to start the process over from the beginning. This slows the entire process down, creates repetition of effort, and is a wasteful use of resources. It is essential that companies include localization as part of their globalization strategy from the beginning. Taking a long-term perspective on localization could save businesses money in avoiding duplicated workloads. Globalization and localization should function together as companies develop globally while carefully tailoring products and services to specific markets. (Haley Tan, 1999) Pricing a product or service for a new market can be very risky, and there are a lot more dimensions to consider when developing a pricing strategy. The business must understand laws, government and competitors of both the foreign market and domestic market. Of the four marketing Ps, price is probably the most overlooked. But as Global competition becomes more intense, pricing will become much more of a weapon against competitors. There are eight major market and environment factors, which influence a business pricing policy. (Kotler Armstrong, 2001) Income levels and market segments is the first factor. Prices should ideally suit the market which the business operates, taking into consideration local markets variables and realities. In many countries such as China there are more than one target segment, this is a result demographic, income levels and geographical factors. Competitive structure of a market will also have to be considered. Will competition be local or international, or will you be the sole supplier, in which case there will be a much greater flexibility in a firms pricing strategy. The length of the Channel structure is also a determining factor in price. The length of a channel structure is likely to be greater. This will particularly affect the cost for final user of the product. A Business also has to be aware of what is known as Gray markets. This situation occurs when entrepreneurs take advantage of the price difference, which exists, between different countries. If the difference is great enough the entrepreneur will purchase the product in low price countries and re-export these products to more highly priced markets, Thus undercutting profits of manufacturer or other retailers. (Bingham, F.G ; Gomes, 2001) Environmental factors such as Foreign exchange rate and inflation rate will also play a part. Exchange rates pose the greatest threat to international trade and will often determine profitability. Individual businesses have no control over exchange rates and can only hope to manage them. Business in countries with high Inflation, are face with the threat of a continually devaluing local currency when trying to convert to the sellers currencies. This makes it difficult to translate costs. Other environmental issues such as Price controls and can also be involved in determining price. Price controls are imposed by the government and will often include price ceiling and floors. Factors such as this will only add to the complexity of global pricing. (Bingham, F.G ; Gomes, 2001) The meteoric rise of the Internet and global markets has effectively created what is known as the Eighth Continent, a virtual landmass with a population of almost a billion Web consumers and business users around the planet. (www.cio.com) Web globalization will remove geography from the competitive equation, says Tom Dwyer, Aberdeen group Web Globalization Research Director. It enables Web buyers to select products and services based on the relevance, appeal, and comfort level of a suppliers Web site, whether its the local Wal-Mart or the Carrefour on another continent. An Aberdeen Group report predicts that around 80% of multi-national B-to-B companies will globalize their Web sites by 2004 in order to penetrate or optimize business in global markets.(www.cio.com) . Faced with the rapid decline of English as the primary language on the Web, companies are promoting technologies, professional services, and best practices to efficiently and effectively deliver localized, customized, corporate messages and content to businesses across the globe. By 2005, it is estimated that only a third of all Internet users worldwide will be English speakers. Despite this, over 96 percent of all e-commerce Web sites are currently available only in English. Forrester Research, claims businesses that present their Web sites solely in English are losing up to $10 million in potential sales per year. On the Internet, as in the real world, there are cultural and social aspects to consider. For example, in many countries there is still a reluctance to use credit cards for on-line transactions. Alternative payment mechanisms, specific to that market, must be found and made available. People are also predictably more comfortable dealing with amounts in their local currencies as opposed to U.S. dollars. Above all, seek local review and validation of your overseas site. All good Web designers recommend user testing, this is particularly imperative in the international market because of its greater diversity. Use local offices, partners, suppliers, distributors or outside consultants to test and validate, it is important for a business to take into consideration that usability is an issue that is important to review often. (Pae, Samiee Tai, 2001) Politics can produce both opportunities and threats for a B2B organization. Taxes, tariffs and price controls are often encountered, but some government also give incentives, such as tax reliefs and grants, these approaches are usually used by governments to revitalize areas that have high unemployment rates. Addressing Legal Hurdles Some of the thorniest problems in globalization. Things such as copyright and trade regulations can restrict doing business overseas. One of the toughest issues here is the variation and fluctuation of international tax rules.( Dibb, 1996) The 90s were an era of unceasing, accelerating, global social and economic integration. During the period, world trade in goods nearly doubled in value, to $6.4 trillion in 2000, and thousands of companies put all their eggs in one basket and bet their future on exports. Heads of state and political leaders such as Al Gore celebrated globalization with speeches, preaching the endless benefits of integration. Businesses ran advertisements featuring Buddhist monks surfing the Internet from remote mountain top abbeys. Today, however, much of that initial expectation and optimism has evaporated. Synchronized economic slowdowns in Asia, Europe and the United States, the three pillars of global commerce, have put a stranglehold on international trade. The World Bank estimates that last year global trade underwent one of the most severe decelerations in modern times. Violent anti-globalization protests have become regular events all over the globe.(Dixon Karboulis 1999) So, with all the problems that face a business that is looking to venture into new markets, what are the benefits of doing so? What opportunities, does this present to the business? Well, its quite simply, Revenue. For example, China is a relatively untapped marketplace. It also has a population of around 1 billion, over 70 cities with populations over a million. As a Rapidly developing economy, a business that manages to establish a significant market share early on, is likely to reap massive financial rewards in future years. But to do this the business needs to beat competitors to these new markets; to heighten brand awareness; to shorten time to market; to improve collaborative efforts and knowledge management; to lower the cost of doing business; and to focus on customer satisfaction. Section 2 Introduction The Business I have chosen to examine, with regards to the effect of globalization is Everton Football Club, my home team. The question may be asked, how does globalisation related to a medium sized soccer team from the north of England, and more specifically how do they relate to the Asian and pacific marketplaces? They are not exactly the team on everyones lips. Well, at the beginning of this season, Everton signed a sponsorship deal with Kiejan telecommunications. A Chinese mobile phone firm which, despite only catering for its domestic market, produced over 5 million units last year. This sponsorship was primarily aimed at Boosting Kiejans profile in Soccer-mad China. As part of the deal, Everton FC received two Chinese international players, superstars in their own country but unknown everywhere else.(www.toffeeweb.com) The effect of this deal was to make Everton arguably the most popular club in the world, a bold statement perhaps, but the deal made Everton the most supported team in China, And with television rights to the Everton games purchased by Chinas state television channel, Evertons popularity rocketed. (www.Evertonfc.com) In the past season Everton have received staggering viewing figures. For example, Everton FC Vs Manhester City, not a particularly big game by any standards, but with the two Chinese players making their debut for the Everton first team, the game received viewing figures of around 600 million- yes, that was million. (www.toffeweb.com) Now, getting to the marketing aspect of this. There is a population of over a billion people, half of which have definite consumer buying power. This presents Everton with an incredible merchandising opportunity. Everton are aiming to sell Everton FC club-shirts to around one in every thousand potential customer through b2b relations with sporting retailers and locally based manufactures throughout China, and with Everton scheduled to make a summer tour of China, that target is by no means unattainable. Environment Demographic/economic China, as a market place, has a massive with 1 billion consumers. Despite being one of the largest countries in the world in terms of geographical size, its cities are among the most densely populated. Despite the recent recession in the Asian economy, China is still booming, with the purchasing power of the average consumer skyrocketing. Other demographic factors, such as changing family structures, in-forced by government regulations of one child per family, will also have an impact on Evertons marketing approach, as this would alter the spending habits of the average consumer household. (Kotler Armstrong, 2001) Social/cultural The global rush of businesses to China will inevitably fail to produce good returns over the long-term if conducted without the appropriate respect for Chinese business and economic culture, if conducted in a manner that indicates short-term thinking and engagement, or that derides or ignores Chinese abilities, experience or values. Due to the varying cultural and social attributes in different parts of China, it is important to localize aspects of regional business functions, so that Everton can deal with distributors and retailers in the most appropriate and effective manner, thus, hopefully building good B2B relationships. Political/legal The picture of China is of a prosperous market that will successively build on principles of liberalizing and de-regulating key aspects of the economy, a consumer sector that offers the prospect of massive markets for the right products, and that is looking for an active economic relationship with the rest of the world. Commercial operations in China can draw on an ever more-liberalized market and economic structure and a political apparatus that increasingly values foreign capital and seeks engagement with potential foreign investors and employers. Market Benefits sought The major potential benefit for Everton, is the access to a potentially lucrative emerging market. The first European club to enter into such a sponsorship deal for the first time in a long while, the deal is allowing Everton to lead the way. The deal allowed two of Chinas best players to come to Everton, and will have access to the cream of their youth players (two this season; two next) Thus, almost guaranteeing further support from China in years to come. 85 MILLION people watched Li Tie sign his contract to come and join Everton. (www.evertonfc.com) Television rights deal may well flourish. Suddenly, there could be a massive demand for Everton FC matches. A tour in the next close season may also prove to be very lucrative for Shirt sales. China will soon become the worlds largest garment exporter; all investors want to go there because of the low labor costs, This will be reflected in the Everton profits, with Puma Corp. manufacturing the T-shirts in China.About 15 million people work in Chinas garment and textile industry. (www.asia.news.yahoo.com) China is the biggest exporter of clothes and textiles to the European and North-American market. One fifth of the garment exports come from China. Foreign investors are interested in China because of the very low wages. The Government has little concern for human- rights and only responsibility for it on paper. (www.asia.news.yahoo.com) What they know? It is possible that the Chinese players might not even make the first team, but their presence at Everton will significantly increase the chances of selling replica shirts in a country with a population of more than one billion, (The London Times) A win-win situation- Soccer aside, the sponsorship likely makes great sense for both Kejian and Everton, London Times analyst Lai said. Off the back of the World Cup interest, sponsoring a soccer team actually seems like a very good idea, you probably get more bang for your buck, he said. Kejian may be a little-known player that serves its home market. But it may not stay that way. level of involvement Decision makers and influences- The efficiency of China logistics as a distributor may in some part effect price, due to transportation costs supply and demand trends. i.e. if the Distributor failed in dispersing the appropriate amount of goods. . A new distribution agent in Hong Kong has been appointed and China Logistics expect to increase market penetration in the Hong Kong market. They expect the turnover and contribution from the Puma division (manufacturer of Everton FC replica shirts) to increase significantly. This may influence the establishment of sales to retail outlets in Hong Kong for Everton Replica Shirts. (www.puma.com) The main decision makers will be the Marketing Dept. of Everton FC. Accompanied by partners such as Puma. Competitive description of competitors What is the target market? . Potential competition is easily identifiable: any European/ American football club, media or other football/sporting business organization that is looking to capitalize on the enormous opportunities now available in China, With a cumulative TV audience of over 2 billion for the three matches played by China in last years World Cup dwarfing all other markets, the profile of football in China has never been higher and the potential never more obvious. (www.teamtalk.com) As European soccer clubs look to the Far East to protect and increase their revenues China presents a tantalizing but testing option. Clubs in the top divisions of the English, Italian, Spanish and German leagues are among those who are increasingly looking to develop and implement strategies to build their brand profile in a market whose appetite for European football continues to grow. Opportunities The overwhelmingly clear opportunity for Everton, is simply the huge potential market that is available. If a reasonable market segment were to be established it would bode well for future finances. To curb the booming population of China the Government has passed regulations limiting families to one child each. The result is a nation of very spoilt children. Known in China as little emperors. Children are be showered with gifts, candy, anything they pretty much want, this is a result of what is known as six pocket syndrome. Six adults, including parents, grandparents etc. indulging each individual child. The average Beijing household now spends around 40% on their beloved only child. (Kotler Armstrong, 2001) This is perfect for business like Everton, whereby the majority of purchases are for Children and teenagers. Also the Government is looking towards economic growth as a priority, therefore laws and deregulations are often bias towards the business. Television is also a major opportunity, with 500-600 million tuning in to watch games, television revenue could be huge. Theats The main threat lies with competition, either from other sports, such as the NBA or other soccer clubs. There has been a recent surge again in anti-globalization and its apparent exploitation of workers. A constantly increasing group of companies, like C A, Reebok and Walt Disney, have drawn up their own Codes of Conduct in response of the increasing criticism of consumers.(www.asia.news .yahoo.com) Even if Everton did implement a code of conduct, the problem still arises that with these Codes is that they arent monitored by independent organizations. Basic rights like a live able wage and the rights to form independent trade unions are hardly ever included in the Code; the retailers give us the guarantee that they respect basic human rights. They claim to respect national law as a minimum and to do often more. In the case of China this offers opportunities as well, because on paper the national law is biased towards the business. Strengths A major strength for Everton is there reputation as a cool club, also; their affiliation with a well-known Chinese manufacturer has given the club their greatest weapon in penetrating the Asian market. Having Two Chinese International players is a definite plus for Everton FC, but there is another player drawing huge attraction to Everton, and hes not Chinese. 17yr old Wayne Rooney. The youngest first team player in Evertons 125yr history, youngest player to score for Everton, youngest player (then 16) to appear and score in the premier league and youngest ever England international player. If thats not enough, he has been hailed as possibly the greatest player in the past 20yrs by the likes of the Pele, Ronaldo, Beckham, Wenger and the England team coach, Also winning sports personality of the year award after only 10 premiership appearances. He is and will, certainly become a massively marketable asset for Everton around the world, much like David Beckham is today for Manchester United. The Localization Standards Industry Association is the major industry trade group that represents global companies. Founded in 1990 and based in Switzerland, LISA provides professional support for the development of enterprise globalization guidelines, best practices, and business standards, Acquiring the help of an organization like LISA, would be very beneficial for a club like Everton who have never tried to establish themselves in a foreign market before. (www.lisa.org) Weaknesses- Evertons main weakness is there lack of primary research and knowledge to effectively segment and particular target audiences. Also, this research needs to be done so that they can localize aspects of their marketing strategy such a Chinese club Website. It would be beneficial for Everton to localize strategies early on to avoid repeating effort, and save money. Finances are another weakness, despite the potential for massive growth; the club needs the initial investment to establish distribution networks etc. Last year, the club only recorded a small profit, and that was derived from selling players. Recommendations There are three main strategic options available to Everton at this point in time, each having their advantages and disadvantages. The First option would involve minimal expansion into China, concentrating more on the domestic market. This would in some ways be considered as the safe option. B2b marketing relationships with retail outlets and distributors in the domestic market have been firmly establish for many years and provides a constant flow of income. Diverting human resources and finance to China could result in loss of market share in its domestic market. Despite this option being safe, it does not allow much consideration for expansion, because the domestic market is already considered as fully saturated. The second option would be to invest heavily into venturing and establishing B2B networks in China and to pursue a differentiated marketing strategy. With regards to Evertons business portfolio, the prospect of China may be considered as a Question mark. This is because expansion into China would require a high degree of investment, but appropriate investment could easily turn that Question mark into a Star, with high market share and high growth rate. Again, this option provides the greatest potential from a revenue perspective, but expensive primary market research would need to be done to specify the target consumers and to develop a successful localizing marketing approach, which would be necessary when dealing with cultures as different as China Another aspect that would need to be addressed, would be if Chinas interest in soccer is sustainable or simply just a cultural fad. The Third option would be for Everton to venture into China, but establish an undifferentiated strategy, whereby its marketing strategy would be very similar to its domestic market. This approach would be used for its minimal or non-existent financial input into developing a localized approach. Although, this approach would be very risky, and at best only a short-term solution as it does not consider local values, contexts, or the general nature B2B relationships. I believe that the second option would be the best approach for Everton FC, Simply because if the clubs expansion into China is approached with a long-term perspective, while considering cultural, demographic/environmental and economic aspects, it will produce the greatest financial rewards, and may establish Good B2B relationships. Also, television rights that will accompany Evertons expansion into China will offset the majority of short-term costs. The third option is less costly, but would simply be to risky, as it would effectively be trying to market a product blindfolded, totally unaware of the environment. So what action would need to be done? With regards to price, Everton has to consider, both Chinese and English governments, laws, markets and competitors. Being a county with such low costs, they will have to be careful not to sell the product to cheaply and effectively create Gray markets, but not to expensive for the average consumer. The six pocket syndrome of many Chinese families will hopefully allow the mark up price to be reasonably high. Promotion, this will most likely have to be localized to China, and its different target segments. Taking into account differences in language in income levels of end consumers, values and trade practices. There will have to be a great deal of primary qualitative and quantitative research to specify these factors. Place, establishing a geographical base location will be important, and will have to consider proximity to manufactures, distributors and business markets. There should also be a website to provides B2B access to Everton, from anywhere in China. It is important to make sure the website is localized to China if they are to fully benefit from it. Positioning, due to Evertons reputation as a club, and their affiliation with Kiejan, the club has already established an appealing space in the minds of potential customers in relation to competitors. Also television broadcasts of games will increase Evertons exposure as a brand. My recommendation will not be able to address issues such as economic down turn, fluctuating exchange rates and high inflation. This is because these factors are out of the control of Everton. They can only hope to manage them. But, due to the size of the Chinese market the exchange rate is usually quite stable, and Asia appears to be moving out of the economic slowdown. On a final note, one of my favorite sayings is that fortune favors the brave, and this may ring true especially for Everton if they decide to take the plunge into Asia. The Benefits in 15 years time could be almost inconceivable.

How to Really Cut Government Spending

How to Really Cut Government Spending If the U.S. Congress is serious about cutting government spending, it must eliminate duplication, overlap, and fragmentation in federal programs. That was the message U.S. Comptroller General Gene L. Dodaro had for Congress when he told lawmakers that as long as it keeps on spending more money than it collects, the federal government’s long-term fiscal outlook will remain â€Å"unsustainable.† The Extent of the Problem As Dorado told Congress, the long-term problem has not changed. Every year, the government spends more money on programs like Social Security, Medicare, and unemployment benefits than it takes in through taxes. According to the 2016 Financial Report of the U.S. Government, the federal deficit increased from $439 billion in fiscal year 2015 to $587 billion in fiscal 2016. Over the same period, a modest $18.0 billion increase in federal revenue was more than offset by a $166.5 billion increase in spending, mainly on Social Security, Medicare, and Medicaid, and interest on debt held by the public. The public debt alone rose as a share of gross domestic product (GDP), from 74%at the end of fiscal 2015 to 77% at the end of fiscal 2016. By comparison, the public debt has averaged only 44% of the GDP since 1946. The 2016 Financial Report, the Congressional Budget Office (CBO), and the Government Accountability Office (GAO) all agree that unless policy changes are made, the debt-to-GDP ratio will surpass its historical high of 106% within 15 to 25 years. Some Near-Term Solutions While long-term problems require long-term solutions, there are some near-term things Congress and the executive branch agencies can do to improve the governments fiscal condition without eliminating or severely cutting major social benefits programs. For starters, suggested Dodaro, addressing improper and fraudulent benefits payments and the tax gap, as well as dealing with duplication, overlap, and fragmentation in those programs. On May 3, 2017, the GAO released its seventh annual report on fragmentation, overlap, and duplication among federal programs. In its ongoing investigations, the GAO looks for aspects of programs that could save taxpayer money by eliminating: Duplication: circumstances in which more than one federal agency, or more than one organization within an agency, is involved in the same broad area of national need and opportunities for more efficient service delivery exist;Overlap: when multiple agencies or programs have similar or identical goals, engage in similar activities or strategies to achieve them, or target similar beneficiaries; andFragmentation: circumstances in which more than one federal agency is involved in the same broad area of national need. As a result of the agencies’ efforts to fix the cases of duplication, overlap, and fragmentation identified in the GAO’s first six such reports issued from 2011 to 2016, the federal government has already saved an estimated $136 billion, according to Comptroller General Dodaro. In its 2017 report, the GAO identified 79 new cases of duplication, overlap, and fragmentation in 29 new areas across the government such as health, defense, homeland security, and foreign affairs.   By continuing to address, duplication, overlap, and fragmentation, and without entirely eliminating a single program, the GAO estimates the federal government could save â€Å"tens of billions.† Examples of Duplication, Overlap, and Fragmentation A few of the 79 new cases of wasteful program administration identified by the GAO its latest report on duplication, overlap, and fragmentation included: Sexual Violence Data: The Departments of Defense, Education, Health and Human Services (HHS), and Justice (DOJ) currently manage at least 10 different programs indented to collect data on sexual violence. The duplication and fragmentation results on wasted effort and a lack of understanding of the scope of the problem in the United States.Federal Grants Awards: The National Park Service, Fish and Wildlife Service, Food and Nutrition Service, and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention lack processes to ensure that their grants do not fund duplicate or overlapping programs already being funded by other agencies.Foreign-Assistance Data Quality: As a key step to addressing the potential overlap in the collection and reporting of foreign-assistance information, the Department of State, in consultation with the U.S. Agency for International Development and OMB, needs to improve data quality to ensure consistency in publically available information on how foreign aid is distributed and used. Military Commissaries: By better managing and coordinating purchasing for it commissaries across all military branches, the Department ofDefense could save an estimated $2 billion.Storage of Defense and Commercial Nuclear Waste: By better coordinating the agencies collecting data and analyzing options for the permanent storage of military high-level nuclear waste and commercial spent nuclear fuel, the Department of Energy could potentially save tens of billions of dollars. Between 2011 and 2016, the GAO recommended 645 actions in 249 areas for Congress or executive branch agencies to reduce, eliminate, or better manage fragmentation, overlap, or duplication; or increase revenue. By the end of 2016, Congress and executive branch agencies had addressed 329 (51%) of those actions resulting in about $136 billion in savings. According to Comptroller General Dodaro, by fully implementing the recommendations made in the GAO’s 2017 report, the government could save â€Å"tens of billions more dollars.†

Timeline of Women in Flight

Timeline of Women in Flight 1784 - Elisabeth Thible becomes the first woman to fly in a hot air balloon 1798 - Jeanne Labrosse is the first woman to solo in a balloon 1809 - Marie Madeleine Sophie Blanchard becomes the first woman to lose her life while flying - she was watching fireworks in her hydrogen balloon 1851 - Mademoiselle Delon ascends in a balloon in Philadelphia 1880 - July 4 - Mary Myers is the first American woman to solo in a balloon 1903 - Aida de Acosta is the first woman to solo in a dirigible (a motorized aircraft) 1906 - E. Lillian Todd is the first woman to design and build an airplane, though it never flew 1908 - Madame Therese Peltier is the first woman to fly an airplane solo 1908 - Edith Berg is the first woman airplane passenger (she was a European business manager for the Wright Brothers) 1910 - Baroness Raymonde de la Roche obtains a license from the Aero Club of France, the first woman in the world to earn a pilots license 1910 - September 2 - Blanche Stuart Scott, without permission or knowledge of Glenn Curtiss, the airplanes owner and builder, removes a small wood wedge and is able to get the airplane airborne without any flying lessons thus becoming the first American woman to pilot an airplane 1910 - October 13 - Bessica Raiches flight qualifies her, for some, as the first woman pilot in America because some discount the flight of Scott as accidental and therefore deny her this credit 1911 - August 11 - Harriet Quimby becomes the first American woman licensed pilot, with flight license number 37 from the Aero Club of America 1911 - September 4 - Harriet Quimby becomes the first woman to fly at night 1912 - April 16 - Harriet Quimby becomes the first woman to pilot her own aircraft across the English Channel 1913 - Alys McKey Bryant is the first woman pilot in Canada 1916 - Ruth Law sets two American records flying from Chicago to New York 1918 - The US postmaster general approves the appointment of Marjorie Stinson as the first female airmail pilot 1919 -  Harriette Harmon becomes the first female ever to fly from Washington D.C. to New York City as a passenger.   1919  - Baroness Raymonde de la Roche, who in 1910 was the first woman to earn a pilots license, set an altitude record for women of 4,785 meters or 15,700 feet 1919 - Ruth Law becomes the first person to fly air mail in the Philippines 1921 - Adrienne Bolland is the first woman to fly over the Andes 1921 - Bessie Coleman becomes the first African American, male or female, to earn a pilots license 1922 - Lillian Gatlin is the first woman to fly across America as a passenger 1928 - June 17 - Amelia Earhart is the first woman to fly across the Atlantic Lou Gordon and Wilmer Stultz did most of the flying 1929 - August - first Womens Air Derby is held, and Louise Thaden wins, Gladys ODonnell takes second place and Amelia Earhart takes third 1929 - Florence Lowe Barnes - Pancho Barnes - becomes the first woman stunt pilot in motion pictures (in Hells Angels) 1929 - Amelia Earhart becomes the first president of the Ninety-Nines, an organization of women pilots 1930 - May 5-24 - Amy Johnson becomes the first woman to fly solo from England to Australia 1930 - Anne Morrow Lindbergh becomes the first woman to earn a glider pilot license 1931 - Ruth Nichols fails in her attempt to fly solo across the Atlantic, but she breaks the world distance record flying from California to Kentucky 1931 - Katherine Cheung becomes the first woman of Chinese ancestry to earn a pilots license 1932 - May 20-21 - Amelia Earhart is the first woman to fly solo across the Atlantic 1932 - Ruthy Tu becomes the first woman pilot in the Chinese Army 1934 - Helen Richey becomes the first woman pilot hired by a regularly scheduled airline, Central Airlines 1934 - Jean Batten is the first woman to fly round trip England to Australia 1935 - January 11-23 - Amelia Earhart is the first person to fly solo from Hawaii to the American mainland 1936 - Beryl Markham becomes the first woman to fly across the Atlantic east to west 1936 - Louise Thaden and Blanche Noyes beat male pilots also entered in the Bendix Trophy Race, the first victory of women over men in a race which both men and women could enter 1937 - July 2 - Amelia Earhart lost over Pacific 1937 - Hanna Reitsch was the first woman to cross the Alps in a glider 1938 - Hanna Reitsch becomes the first woman to fly a helicopter and the first woman to be licensed as a helicopter pilot 1939 - Willa Brown, first African American commercial pilot and first African American woman officer in the Civil Air Patrol, helps form the National Airmens Association of America to help open up the U.S. Armed Forces to African American men 1939 - January 5 - Amelia Earhart declared legally dead 1939 - September 15 - Jacqueline Cochran sets an international speed record; the same year, she is the first woman to make a blind landing 1941 - July 1 - Jacqueline Cochrane is the first woman to ferry a bomber across the Atlantic 1941 - Marina Raskova appointed by Soviet Union high command to organize regiments of women pilots, one of which is later called the Night Witches 1942 - Nancy Harkness Love and Jackie Cochran organize women flying units and training detachments 1943 - Women make up more than 30% of the workforce in the aviation industry 1943 - Loves and Cochrans units are merged into the Women Airforce Service Pilots and Jackie Cochran becomes the Director of Women Pilots those in WASP flew more than 60 million miles before the program ended in December 1944, with only 38 lives lost of 1830 volunteers and 1074 graduates these pilots were seen as civilians and were only recognized as military personnel in 1977 1944 - German pilot Hanna Reitsch was the first woman to pilot a jet aircraft 1944 - WASP (Women Airforce Service Pilots) disbanded; the women were given no benefits for their service 1945 - Melitta Schiller is awarded the Iron Cross and Military Flight Badge in Germany 1945 - Valà ©rie Andrà © of the French Army in Indochina, a neurosurgeon, was the first woman to fly a helicopter in combat 1949  - Richarda Morrow-Tait landed in Croydon, England, after her round-the-world flight, with navigator Michael Townsend, the first such flight for a woman it took one year and one day with a 7 week stop in India to replace the planes engine and 8 months  in Alaska to raise funds to replace her plane 1953 - Jacqueline (Jackie) Cochran becomes the first woman to break the sound barrier 1964 - March 19 - Geraldine (Jerrie) Mock of Columbus, Ohio, is the first woman to pilot a plane solo around the world (The Spirit of Columbus, a single-engine plane) 1973 - January 29 - Emily Howell Warner is the first woman working as a pilot for a commercial airline (Frontier Airlines) 1973 - U.S. Navy announces pilot training for women 1974 - Mary Barr becomes the first woman pilot with the Forest Service 1974 - June 4 - Sally Murphy is the first woman to qualify as an aviator with the U.S. Army 1977 - November - Congress passes a bill recognizing WASP pilots of World War II as military personnel, and President Jimmy Carter signs the bill into law 1978 - International Society of Women Airline pilots formed 1980 - Lynn Rippelmeyer becomes the first woman to pilot a Boeing 747 1984 - on July 18, Beverly Burns becomes the first woman to captain a 747 cross country, and Lynn Rippelmeyer becomes the first woman to captain a 747 across the Atlantic sharing the honor, thereby, of being the first female 747 captains 1987 - Kamin Bell became the first African American woman Navy helicopter pilot (February 13) 1994 - Vicki Van Meter is the youngest pilot (to that date) to fly across the Atlantic in a Cessna 210 - she is 12 years old at the time of the flight 1994 - April 21 - Jackie Parker becomes the first woman to qualify to fly an F-16 combat plane 2001 - Polly Vacher becomes the first woman to fly around the world in a small plane - she flies from England to England on a route that includes Australia 2012 - Women who flew as part of WASP in World War II (Women Airforce Service Pilots) are given the Congressional Gold Medal in the United States, with over 250 women attending 2012 - Liu Yang becomes the first woman launched by China into space. 2016 - Wang Zheng (Julie Wang) is the first person from China to fly a single-engine plane around the world This timeline  © Jone Johnson Lewis.

Presentations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Presentations - Essay Example Exercises induce flexibility in the body that can prevent from bone fracture. As we all know that animals are used in medical research purpose. Animals have right to live, we should treat animals softly. In point of view of many people it is a crime to use animals in research purpose, and it is an immoral act to use animals for research. According to my point of view, I agree animals have right to live and we should not treat them rudely, but human beings are superior and for prevention of diseases use of animals in for research is not a crime. Research is necessary for the progress in medical field and invention of new treatments of different diseases. These researches are not used for the service of mankind, but also for the cure and treatment of animals. Animals should use in the medical research studies, but kindly. The animal should not treat cruelly and try to use the minimum number of animals. Without need not harm them and keep them carefully (Smith & Boyd,

How did Nazi Germany deploy history to justify their involvement in Essay

How did Nazi Germany deploy history to justify their involvement in the World War II - Essay Example From that period, the economic global depression resulted in hyperinflation, mass unemployment, social unrest by which Hitler provided people like the Jews. He promised peace that was civil, economic radical policies and national pride restoration and unity. Rhetoric Nazi was a nationalist and the Jews who were submissive were seen to be responsible for all the ills of the Germans1. In September 1939, Germany attacked Poland, which led to the Second World War. Almost five to six million Germans died during the war. Most of them were victims of the political Nazi and two hundred thousand were killed in the euthanasia program of the Nazi. There were also many rapes of women from Germany. After Poland had been conquered, Hitler cantered attention on defeating France and Britain. As the war increased, the party of Nazi created an alliance with Italy and Japan in the Pact Tripartite of the year 1940. In the vicious fighting that, the troops of Nazi struggled to make real the goal of defeating the major communist power of the world that was long-held. Germany got itself fighting in France, Italy, North Africa and the Balkans. At the commencing of the Second World War, the party of Nazi and Hitler were fighting to conquer Europe and after five years they were struggling to exist2. In 1939, the month of September, the soldiers of Hitler attacked Poland. It followed six years with Hitler participating fully in the war. It also included the youth up to the youngest child. The Second World War was facilitated by two alliances which were in conflict with each other. The conflicting associations were the Allied side and the Axis nations. The powers that led were the Germany Nazi, the Italy kingdom, and the Japan Empire. On the other hand, France and the United Kingdom including their colonial empires, Soviet Union, China, and USA were the leading powers of the other alliance. The reason the Nazi participated in the

The Natural Key passage analyisis Essay Example for Free

The Natural Key passage analyisis Essay In this passage of Bernard Malamuds The Natural, Roy Hobbs is in a batting slump. Though at the end of the passage, he rises from his slump to once again hit a home run. This event occurs during his game in Chicago, right after the beginning of his batting slump which in turn occurs right after his first and only date with Memo. This game is the first encounter between Roy and Iris Lemon, the true vegetative goddess who is a suitable partner for Roy. This passage is located in the Falling Action of Freytags pyramid that starts off with a dark and gloomy mood as a result of the diction that is used, cursed, booed, harrowed, sick and miserable. The employments of these words introduce the passage as dark period of time which directly reflects to both the mental and physical state that Roy is in at the time. As mentioned above, at the end of this passage, Roy rises from his batting slump, which makes this a turning point for Roy that propels the book towards its climax. This passage could be considered a turning point for Roy not only because he rises from his slump, but also because he finally meets his rightful vegetative goddess who gives him strength to hit the homerun at the end of the passage. Although this passage is not only the turning point for Roy, but also a comparison between Memo Paris and Iris Lemon. His fate is determined by his final decision between the two women and this passage acts as a sign for both the reader and Roy that Iris Lemon is his true vegetative goddess who he must marry in order to achieve his full potential as a vegetative god who can rejuvenate the Fisher King, symbolizing Pop Fisher. In the first line of this passage, Wonderboy is compared to a sagging baloney. This comparison is ambiguous because one can interpret it as if Wonderboy physically looks like a sagging baloney or that Wonderboy like King Arthurs Excalibur which was powerful and firm, is now weak and soft. However, the comparison between Roys baseball bat and a sagging baloney has a greater meaning. When Wonderboy is compared to a sagging baloney, one can say that this is a reference to Wonderboys phallic representation. The comparison between Roys Excalibur as well as manhood, a symbol of his masculine strength and sagging baloney degrades Roys strength and power as a vegetative god. This further shows his loss of power during his slump, as he felt sick. The reason for his slump is directly related to Memo Paris. Following his first and only date with Memo, he is overjoyed, even though it was disastrous. She claims to be strictly a dead a mans woman. This man refers to the dead Bump Bailey, who symbolizes those without life. This indicates that she is not the destined and right woman for Roy, as he is the vegetative god, the god of life. His existence is contradictory to her ideal man, which means that they are not destined to be together. She further states that her breasts are sick and Dont touch it When he tries to touch them, a womans breast symbolizes her fertility and thus Memos womanhood is sick. Therefore, it would be contradictory for Roy to be with Memo because he is the vegetative god and his vegetative goddess must be a woman with a strong life force and fertility. After the date, Memo rejects Roy and claims that she is going to see Gus Sands. Following this, Roy becomes troubled and falls into a batting slump as a result of Memos negligence towards Roy. After the second strike that Roy hits, a lady in the stands hesitantly rose for the second time. This lady later on turns out to be Iris Lemon, Roys destined wife and vegetative goddess. When she rises again, Roy stole a quick look and gains hope, because he became aware that the night had spread out in all directions and was filled with an unbelievable fragrance. In the presence of Iris Lemon, Wonderboy regains its hardness and power and shoots the ball through the light and up into the dark, like a white star seeking an old constellation. When Iris, the vegetative goddess who like Roy is a force of life and rejuvenation stands up, a stranger next to her feels a strong sexual urge. This shows that Iris is a true vegetative goddess whose very presence causes a stranger to feel a strong sexual urge. Her very presence also rejuvenates Wonderboy, Roys metaphorical phallus. Iris, who has such a strong life force, brought a child into the world at an early age, becomes a grandmother at the age of thirty three and she also reveals at the end of the book that I am pregnant from their one and only encounter on the beach. This transfer of life and strength to Roy and Wonderboy from Iris allows Roy to hit the baseball so hard, that it metaphorically flies into space, towards a distant star. This description of the baseball that is hit into space is so implausible that it seems godly and brings a magic realism and supernatural touch into Roys abilities. Roy who smashes the baseball so hard was only able to do so due to Iriss help, because at the presence of his vegetative goddess, he can truly achieve his full potential as a vegetative god who is destined to revive the Knights and Pop Fisher like Sir Perceval who is destined to revive King Fisher and the wasteland. As mentioned earlier, Memo is a destructive force that sucks the life and energy out of Roy and as a result, he falls into a batting slump. Her surname, Paris, is a mythological allusion to the Greek mythology of the city Troy. Paris was a young prince of Troy who abducted the queen of Sparta, Helen who was considered to be the most beautiful woman on earth. Because of this, Menelaus, the king of Mycenaean Sparta along with his brother and the Greek army invaded Troy and tore it down into ruins. In the process, most of Pariss family was killed, all due to the fact that he fell in love with Helen. This mythological reference is a warning to both the reader and Roy that his childish lust for Memo will eventually lead to his ultimate downfall. This warning is also given out by Pop Fisher after Roys date with Memo, she is unlucky and always has been and I think that there is some kind of whammy in her that carries her luck to other people. Thats why I would like you to watch out and not get too tied up with her. In Greek mythology, the sirens are bird-women who sing songs to enchant sailors to their death through shipwreck. Memo is similar to the sirens in a way that she is the temptress who like the sirens lead Roy to his death, that is, the death of his baseball career. Memo is the temptress who leads Roy to his downfall, but Iris on the other hand can be seen as her direct opposite, the woman can lead Roy to fulfill his destiny, that is to heal Pop Fisher and the Knights. This healing to the Knights is accomplished when The long rain had turned the grass green and as the grass on the field grew, the team starts win games. When Iris hesitantly rose for the second time, she is seen wearing a red dress with dark hair. After Bump died Memo is seen wearing black mourning dress and black pyjamas with red hair. Iriss hair having the colour as Memos dress and Memos hair having the same colour of Iriss dress is a reference to the fact that Memo and Iris are complete opposites, while one sucks the energy and life out of Roy, the other rejuvenates and provides a life-giving force that gave him energy. Although towards the end of the book, Roy makes the wrong choice of choosing Memo instead of Iris due to his childish lust and sexual impulse. He continues to seek to break records instead of focusing on his true goals to rejuvenate Pop Fisher and the Knights. Despite Iriss gentleness, powers that helped him though his slump and dissimilarity from Memo as she is not the type of dame I always fell forthey werent like you. He ignores the hints that Iris is the one that he is destined to be with, because he is afraid of the responsibilities of being with Iris, as she is a grandmother, which in turn would make him a grandfather. Warned multiple times, by Pops warning, she weakens a man, her surname name Paris, her sick breast and her complete opposite nature to Iris, Roy does not realize that Memo is the temptress and his true goals as a vegetative god along with his potential destiny with Iris until it was too late.

The Golden Ratio Essay -- Mathematics Numbers Phi Essays

The Golden Ratio Certain pictures, objects, and animals appeal to the human mind more than others. Proportions and images of symmetry often contribute to our fascination with them. Often, when examined carefully, you may find a common â€Å"coincidence† between man made objects and those found naturally in nature. This fluke, however, may be used to ascertain various mathematical relationships between these objects. This paper will introduce the golden ratio and weigh its significance on math, art, and nature. 1.6180339887†¦. has been given many names varying from the â€Å"golden ratio† first coined by the Greeks, to the â€Å"golden rectangle† and â€Å"golden section†, â€Å"phi† named after Phidias a renowned Greek sculptor, as well as the â€Å"divine proportion† conceived by Leonardo da Vinci. (Blacker, The Golden Ratio) Simply put, the golden ratio is the length to width of rectangles used in art and nature. This ratio is considered to be the most agreeable arrangement, mathematically and artistically, to the eye. Perhaps the first to use the golden ratio were the Egyptians. Many (if not all) of the pyramids were made with the golden ratio kept solely in mind†¦ as if they were made only using the ratio. Later, the Greeks began using it in their architecture as well as their sculptures. Phidias and others popularized the golden ratio by basing their achievements on it. The Parthenon, specifically, as well as several other buildings and sculptures were the subject of which the ratio has left its mark. The Greeks and the Egyptians were by far not the only people to have been affected by the number. Famous painters and mathematicians have also recognized the ratio’s significance. Perhaps the most famous and blatant use of the gol... ...rt. New York: Dorling Kindersley, 1994. Blacker, Steve and Jeanette Polanski and Marc Schwach. â€Å"Golden Ratio: Fibonacci in Nature.† Dec. 8, 1999. http://www.geom.umn.edu/~demo5337/s97b/spiral.html Blacker, Steve and Jeanette Polanski and Marc Schwach. â€Å"Golden Ratio.† Dec. 8, 1999. http://www.geom.umn.edu/~demo5337/s97b/art.htm Brown, Kevin. â€Å"Math Pages: The Golden Pentagon.† Dec. 11, 1999. http://www.seanet.com/~ksbrown/kmath153.htm â€Å"Fibonacci & The Golden Ratio.† Dec. 8, 1999. http://www.aegsp.br/hs/fib/ Knott, Dr. Ron. â€Å"Fibonacci Numbers and Nature.† Dec. 8, 1999. http://www.ee.surrey.ac.uk/Personal/R.Knott/Fibonacci/fibnat.html#Rabbits Snyder, Brian Joseph. â€Å"The Golden Mean – The Golden Section.† Dec. 7, 1999. http://www.netreach.net/people/waterboy/phiratio/ Stokstad, Marilyn. Art History. New York: Prentice Hall, 1999.

Emotional Intelligence and Everyday Behavior Essay

On this article the author establishes the relationship between emotional intelligence and college students. It’s very notorious that the author’s focused the research based on measuring the Big Five personality traits (Openness to experience, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness and Neuroticism) and related to behaviors, this is because the intellectual measures and the ability to express knowledge don’t give us a complete overview of the person. As the author said: â€Å"The goal of the present study is to assess the criterion validity of EI, and hence the social significance or external utility of EI by relating the Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test (MSCEIT, 2002a) to selected scales from the College Student Life Space Scale (CSLSS, Brackett, 2001)†. Another fundamental point of this article was to present the genders’ differences and which of the scores on the scale are more representative on each one. Even though the participants as the author expressed were recruited from introductory courses and received course credit for their involvement in the study, the participants were part of a larger study that examined the relation between the Big Five personality traits and the Life Space. There were a 330 total of participants all between 17 and 20 years which 241 of them were female and the 89 left were males. (M.A. Brackett et al., Personality and Individual Differences (2004). The participants were asked for permission to acquire their SAT scores and college grade points average from the university; student’s been not brilliant but can be considered as a standard class. For measuring the results the scales were organized according to three broad content areas: healthy versus unhealthy behavior, general leisure and academic activities and interpersonal relations. In order to mean the gender differences on both scales analyses were conducted separately. Mayer et al. (1998) said that some question formats are items that first, require minimal interpretations on the part of the participant, and that the answers are definite and potentially verifiable. The same was as Shaffer, Saunders & Owens (1986) explained that â€Å"such question formats also minimize social desirability response bias†. For improving the data collection I would have had the same sample size for both genders, and have evaluated them both ways: first, by a whole population and them examine the results by gender, this is to understand how any of the gender impact on the whole group. Brackett & Mayer (2003), Ciarrochi et al. (2001), Mayer et al. (1999), Mayer et al. (2002a), Roberts et al. (2001), Salovey et al. (2001) found that scores on tests are related to but mostly independent of verbal intelligence, the Big Five, and empathy (rs

RSO Marketing Proposal

Executive Director Marketing Professor Executive Summary The Rockford Symphony Orchestra is one of the leading cultural institutions n northern Illinois, performing over sixteen classical and pop concerts annually. The RSI was founded in 1934 and incorporated in 1943. The ROOK'S first MusiC Director and Manager, A Arthur Sack, led the orchestra for twenty's years. During this time, the Rockford Area Youth h Symphony Orchestra and the Rockford Symphony Orchestra Guild were established.The RSI continues its commitment to fulfilling its mission to lead in the creation of vibrant musical e experiences that the enlighten, educate, and entertain. (History, n. D. ) The RSI is celebrating its 80 anniversary and wants to reinforce the longevity of the organization by introducing their rich R oxford history into various music and performances for the 20142015 season and beyond. The RSI is also looking to create a closer tie to the Rockford community. The organizations' 80th anniversary needs t o be leveraged in order to increase ova rural ticket sales.The long and harsh winter of 20132014 was a major challenge the RSI faced making it difficult to reach their revenue goals. Ticket sales were 50% lower than their budgeted goal as a result. A brief evaluation of the Rook's strengths and weaknesses has served as a off notation the towards the strategic analysis and a marketing plan for this 80 anniversary celebration and the future of the organization. The plan is to focus on bringing more awareness t o the community, the creating various ways to promote the 80 anniversary this season and increase overall ticket sales.

How to find a job after years of parental leave

How to find a job after years of parental leave As a parent, you already know that role is one of the most important jobs out there. Creating and nurturing a tiny human is hard work- work that’s both challenging and rewarding. Some parents return to the workforce after a short leave, either by choice or necessity, while others return after years of being a stay-at-home parent. If you’re not returning to your pre-kid job, how do you negotiate that return to the workforce when you’re ready to head back? Let’s look at some tips and strategies for jumpstarting your career after pausing it for kids.Think hard about what you want next.Think of this transition as an opportunity. Do you want to go back into the same field as you were in before? Or would you rather try something new? One of my friends was an engineer by training and had worked in the field for a few years before having kids. Once her kids were in school, she re-evaluated what she wanted to do- and ended up starting her own cake decorating busine ss because it aligned better with her passions and talents in the updated version of her life. This is your chance to consider what you want to do next.Some questions to ask yourself up front:What are your career goals now? They may be different than they were before.What kind of schedule will you need to accommodate your family? Will you need a certain amount of flexibility in your hours?Do you want a full-time job, or maybe something part-time to start?Knowing what you want and going after it can help ease the transition. If you’re leaping at the first opportunity that presents itself without really considering whether it’s what you want long-term, that may make the transition more difficult and make you less satisfied with your decision to go back to work.Build (or rebuild) your network.As you’re ramping up your job search, make sure you’re reactivating your professional network as well. If your current social media presence amounts to sharing pictures of the kids on Facebook, it’s time to branch out and focus on your professional brand as well. Plus this has the added benefit of helping you zoom in on any trends or changes in your field that might not have been there when you were last working.And don’t be shy: it’s a good idea to start reaching out to old colleagues or mentors to let them know that you’re looking to get back to work after a break. Word of mouth opportunities can be crucial to any job search- if they come from people who knew you in your former work life and can vouch for your skills, all the better.Finding a â€Å"mom mentor† can also help in your transition. Finding someone in your network (or in an online group) who has already gone through this can really help you as you get ready to go back to work.Reinvent your resume.Your resume may seem like a pretty rigid document (dates, experience bullet points, verifiable work history), but in reality it can be flexible in saying wh at you want it to say. Facts are facts, but you have the chance to use your resume to set a narrative.The traditional experience-forward resume format might not be the best choice for a long absence from the workforce. So if you don’t want your last job (whenever that was) at the top with dates staring the reader in the face, consider a skills-based resume format where you start with a section emphasizing your skills, also commonly known as a â€Å"qualifications summary.† This presents the information you most want the reader to see- what you have, not necessarily where you’ve applied it. Once you established the key skills and qualifications, you can include your work experience further down, with dates downplayed.Other ways to downplay employment gaps on your resume:Summarize whenever possible. If you can make general statements about what you did and when, that can help avoid the finer details of when things actually happened. For example: mention years, not months.Focus on your most recent jobs, or the most relevant ones. Don’t worry about including every job you’ve ever had. Based on the job you’re applying for, play up the jobs and skills that relate directly to the job description, and downplay others. If everything isn’t weighted equally to begin with, gaps may not be as prominent.Find a theme. If you have a â€Å"through-line† that defines your career, emphasize it in every part of your resume and tailor it to the job for which you’re applying. Doing this can help overcome doubts about how you would fit in to this new job, if you have a solid history of performance.Be honest. Don’t try to hide what you’ve been doing. If you’ve been out of the workplace, it’s okay to say that you took time off to raise a family. This is something that people understand on a human level. But once you’ve let them know why you were out, use specific points to show how ready you are to get back in.Build your skills.Everyone can use a little brushing-up on the skills front, and that’s especially true if you’ve been out of the game for a while. It’s important to know what skills are most valuable to the field you want to re-enter (or break into for the first time). Are the software apps you used to use at work still in use, or have they been replaced by a different set of programs and tools? Online research and/or classes and tutorials can help you get familiar with the tech you’ll need to jump back in. It also helps on your resume if you can list expertise and skills in the latest tech, showing that despite your absence you’ve been keeping up with the industry.And the good news: there’s a tutorial for just about everything on YouTube, if you feel like you don’t have time for an online class or that community center seminar on public speaking. And if you’re not sure what skills you should be building , here’s a cheat sheet of some of the top skills employers are looking for right now.Consider freelancing/going part-time first.Before you start hunting for a full-time job to get back into the workforce, think about whether you can start with some freelancing or part-time gigs. It’s not only a good experience builder if you’re trying to bulk up your resume, but it can also give you a more flexible schedule to balance work and life stuff.And it also helps with a fact of life: getting back to anything full-time after not doing it for a while is hard. Easing back in with a modified schedule or workload can lessen the shock of going back to work if you’re used to an entirely different lifestyle.Be confident!You may feel less-than-confident about getting back into the workforce with a resume gap and skills and experience that feel a little out of date. But don’t focus on that- focus on what you have, and what you would bring to your new job. Thatâ€⠄¢s what your new employer is going to want to know and what will get you the job offer. Your skills and experience are valuable, even if they feel a little 2013 in a 2018 world. If you spend the time and care to figure out how they fit into the new landscape and what you can do to keep evolving, you’ve already done one of the hardest parts of taking this huge career step.Good luck!

How to Tour the Nevada Nuclear Test Site

How to Tour the Nevada Nuclear Test Site The Nevada Test Site is the location where the United States conducted atomic testing. Did you know you can visit the Nevada Test Site, formerly called the Nevada Proving Grounds and now known as the Nevada National Security Site? Here is how to take the tour. Get on the List The Nevada Test Site is located about 65 miles northwest of Las Vegas, Nevada on US-95, but you cant just drive up to the facility and look around! Public tours are conducted only four times a year, with specific dates determined a few months in advance. The size of the tour group is limited, so there is a waiting list. If you want to take the tour, the first step is to call the Office of Public Affairs to get your name on the waiting list for the tour. In order to get accepted for the tour, you must be at least 14 years old (accompanied by an adult if you are under 18). When you make a reservation, you need to supply the following information: Full nameDate of birthPlace of birthSocial Security number Keep in mind the tour date may change if the weather isnt cooperative, so its good to build a little flexibility into your schedule. What to Expect Once you register for a tour, youll get an email confirmation of your reservation. A couple of weeks before the visit, youll get a packet in the mail that includes an itinerary for the trip. The tour is free.Radiation badges are no longer used. In order to get badged for security, you will need to present a drivers license or valid passport (foreign nationals) upon arrival.Expect a full day of activities. Visitors meet in Las Vegas to board a tour bus at 7 am, returning to Las Vegas at 4:30 pm.Youll need to pack a lunch.Dress appropriately. Wear comfortable, sturdy shoes. You will not be allowed to take the tour if you are wearing shorts, a skirt, or sandals! Las Vegas is (very) hot in the summer and (very) cold in the winter, with temperatures ranging anywhere in between the extremes. Consider the season when packing for the trip.You cannot bring in any recording devices or electronics of any kind. Do not bring a cell phone, camera, binocular, recorder, etc. Mandatory checks are conducted. If you are caught with a recording device, youll get thrown out and the whole tour group will be returned to Las Vegas.No firearms are permitted.

Mobile Data and Telecommunications Research Paper

Mobile Data and Telecommunications - Research Paper Example The rise of social media platforms, increase in mobile applications, and availability of applications that support the storage and transmission of huge data fosters mobile data and telecommunications. The modern mobile data and telecommunications industry in the global market encompasses variant versions of computers and cell phones that depict different applications that support the transfer of huge mobile data. The modern mobile data services include e-mail, internet, data cards, USB modems, WI-FI, Bluetooth, messaging, video conferencing, and taking pictures (RTR, 2014). This industry supports the increased use of smartphones, iPad, iPods, iPhones, and other technologies that support mobile data transfer (IBM, 2014). The mobile data and telecommunications industry offers various products and services that enhance communication, transfer of information, socialization, and entertainment. Although teenagers and young adults are the most prominent users of mobile data and telecommunic ations, the impact of this industry cuts across all generations and all sectors. Notably, the mobile data and telecommunications industry is becoming more popular in the global market subject to its diverse applications. The United States stands out as the most technologically advanced country in the world in terms of the number of mobile phone lines, number of smartphones, number of mobile phone users, number of radio and television stations, number of ocean cables, and the variety of satellite facilities. The history of mobile data and telecommunications industry dates back from the 1980s. Since its introduction in the early 1980s, the underlying mobile technology passed through three phases, known as generations to the current mobile data and telecommunications. The first generation adopted analog communication techniques, which depicts the use of (1G) phones (Cambridge University Press, n.y).